The constitution of India begins with a short statement of its basic values. The Constitution of India contains the philosophy on which our country has been built. It provides a standard to examine and evaluates any law and action of the government to find out whether it is good or bad, it can be said that preamble is the soul of the Indian constitution.
India is the largest democracy in the world and the constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950. A constitution is a set of rules and regulations through which a country is governed. In the Indian constitution, there are 448 articles, 25 parts, 12 schedules, and 104 amendments. The parts of the constitution have various articles which discuss the sections of constitutional bodies’ fundamental rights legislatures executive branches and schedules.
Parts of the constitution articles Articles and Definition Subjects of the parts
Part I
Article 1- Name and territory of the union
Article 2- Admission and establishment of the new state.
Article 3- Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, and names of existing states.
Union Territories
Part II
Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution
Article 6 – Rights of citizenship of a certain person who has migrated to India from Pakistan
Article 10 – Continuance of rights of citizenship
Article 11 – Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law
Citizenship
Part III
Article 12 – Definition of the state
Article 13 – Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights
Article 14 – Equality before the law.
Article 15 – Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
Article 16 – Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
Article 17 – Abolition of the untouchability.
Article 18 – Abolition of titles.
Article 19 – Guarantees to all the citizens the six rights and they are:
a – Freedom of speech and expression.
b – Freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms.
c – Freedom to form associations or unions.
d – Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.
e – Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.
f – Omitted
g – Freedom to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business.
Article 20 – Protection in respect of conviction for offenses.
Article 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty.
Article 22 – Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
Article 23 – Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor.
Article 24 – Prohibition of employment of children (Under the age of 14) in factories and mines.
Article 25 – Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion.
Article 26 – Freedom to manage religious affairs.
Article 27 – Freedom as to pay taxes for the promotion of any particular religion.
Article 28 – Freedom from attending religious instruction.
Article 29 – Protection of interest of minorities.
Article 30 – Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
Article 32 – Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
Fundamental rights
Part IV
Article 36 – Definition
Article 37– Application of DPSP
Article 39A – Equal justice and free legal aid
Article 40 – Organization of a village panchayat
Article 41 – Right to work, education, and public assistance in certain cases
Article 43 – Living Wages, etc. for workers.
Article 43A – Participation of workers in the management of industries.
Article 44 – Uniform civil code.
Article 45 – Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
Article 46 – Promotion of educational and economic interest of scheduled castes (SC), scheduled tribes (ST), and OBC.
Article 47– Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
Article 48 – Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Article 49 – Protection of monuments and places and objects of natural importance.
Article 50 – Separation of judiciary from the executive.
Article 51 – Promotion of international peace and security.
Directive Principles
Part IV A It shall be the duty of every citizen of India
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement
Fundamental Duties
Part V
Article 52 – The President of India
Article 53 – Executive Power of the union
Article 54 – Election of President
Article 61 – Procedure for Impeachment of the President
Article 63 – The Vice–president of India
Article 64 – The Vice–President to be ex–officio chairman of n the council of States
Article 66 – Election of Vice–president
Article 72 – Pardoning powers of President
Article 74 – Council of ministers to aid and advise President
Article 76 – Attorney–General for India
Article 79 – Constitution of Parliament
Article 80 – Composition of Rajya Sabha
Article 81 – Composition of Lok Sabha
Article 83 – Duration of Houses of Parliament
Article 93 – The speakers and Deputy speakers of the house of the people
Article 105 – Powers, Privileges, etc. of the House of Parliament
Article 109 – Special procedure concerning money bills
Article 110 – Definition of “Money Bills”
Article 112 – Annual Financial Budget
Article 114 –Appropriation Bills
Article 123 – Powers of the President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of parliament
Article 124 – Establishment of Supreme Court
Article 125 – Salaries of Judges
Article 126 – Appointment of acting Chief justice
Article 127 – Appointment of ad–hoc judges
Article 128 –Attendance of retired judge at sitting of the Supreme Court
Article 129 – Supreme Court to be a court of Record
Article 130 – Seat of the Supreme Court
Article 136 – Special leaves for an appeal to the Supreme Court
Article 137 – Review of judgment or orders by the Supreme Court
Article 141 – Decision of the Supreme Court of India binding on all the courts
Article 148 – Comptroller and Auditor–General of India
Article 149 – Duties and Powers of CAG
union
Part VI
Article 153 – Governors of State
Article 154 – Executive Powers of Governor
Article 161 – Pardoning powers of the Governor
Article 165 – Advocate–General of the State
Article 213 – Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances
Article 214 – High Courts for states
Article 215 – High Courts to be a court of record
Article 226 – Power of High Courts to issue certain writs
Article 233 – Appointment of District judges
Article 235 – Control over Subordinate Courts
States
Part VII 7th Amendment Act –
Part VIII
Article 239 – Administration of Union territories.
Article 239A – Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.
Article 239AA – Special provisions concerning Delhi.
Article 239AB – Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
Article 239B – Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
Article 240 – Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
Article 241 – High Courts for Union territories.
Article 242 – Coorg
Union Territories
Part IX
Article 243A – Gram Sabha
Article 243B – Constitution of Panchayats
Panchayats
Part IX-A
Article 243P – Definitions.
Article 243Q – Constitution of Municipalities.
Article 243R – Composition of Municipalities.
Article 243S – Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
Article 243T – Reservation of seats.
Article 243U – Duration of Municipalities, etc.
Article 243V -Disqualifications for membership.
Article 243W – Powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
Article 243X – Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
Article 243Y – Finance Commission.
Article 243Z – Audit of accounts of Municipalities.
Article 243ZA – Elections to the Municipalities.
Article 243ZB – Application to Union territories.
Article 243ZC – Part not to apply to certain areas.
Article 243ZD – Committee for district planning.
Article 243ZE – Committee for Metropolitan planning.
Article 243ZF – Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.
Article 243ZG – Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
Municipalities
Part IX B
Article 243ZH – Definitions.
Article 243ZI – Incorporation of co-operative societies.
Article 243ZJ – Number and term of members of the board and its office bearers.
Article 243ZK – Election of members of the board.
Article 243ZL – Supersession and suspension of the board and interim management.
Article 243ZM – Audit of accounts of cooperative societies.
Article 243ZN – Convening of general body meetings.
Article 243ZO – Right of a member to get information.
Article 243ZP – Returns.
Article 243ZQ – Offences and penalties.
Article 243ZR – Application to multi-State co-operative societies.
Article 243ZS – Application to Union territories.
Article 243ZT – Continuance of existing laws.
Co-operative Societies
Part X
Article 244- Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas
Scheduled Tribe areas
Part XI
Article 245 – Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
Article 246 – Subject matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
Article 246A – Special provision concerning goods and services tax.
Article 247 – Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
Article 248 – Residuary powers of legislation.
Article 249 – Power of Parliament to legislate concerning a matter in the State List in the national interest.
Article 250 – Power of Parliament to legislate concerning any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
Article 251 – Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
Article 252 – Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
Article 253 – Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
Article 254 – Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
Article 255 – Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.
Article 256 – Obligation of States and the Union.
Article 257 – Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
Article 257A – Assistance to States by the deployment of armed forces or other forces of the Union.
Article 258 – Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
Article 258A – Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
Article 259 – Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule.
Article 260 – Jurisdiction of the Union about territories outside India.
Article 261 – Public acts, records, and judicial proceedings.
Article 262 – Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.
Article 263 – Provisions concerning an inter-State Council.
Relation of Union and states
Part XII
Article 266 – Consolidated Fund and Public Accounts Fund
Article 267 – Contingency Fund of India
Article 280 – Finance Commission
Article 300 A – Right to property
Properties, finance, suits, and contracts
Part XIII
Article 301 – Freedom to trade, commerce, and intercourse
Article 302 – Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse.
Trade, commerce, and communication between the territories of India
Part XIV
Article 312 – All– India–Service
· Article 315 – Public service commissions for the union and the states
Article 320 – Functions of Public Service Commission
Services under the union and states
Part XIV A
Article 323A – Administrative Tribunals
Tribunals
Part XV
Article 324 – Superintendence, direction, and control of Elections to be vested in an Election Commission
Article 325 – No person to be ineligible for inclusion in or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste, or sex
Article 326 – Elections to the house of the people and the legislative assemblies of states to be based on adult suffrage
Elections
Part XVI
Article 338 – National Commission for the SC & ST
Article 340 – Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes special
Special provisions for certain classes
Part XVII
Article 343 – Official languages of the Union
Article 345 – Official languages or languages of a state
Article 348 – Languages to be used in the Supreme Court and the High Courts
Article 351 – Directive for development of the Hindi languages
Languages
Part XVIII
Article 352 – Proclamation of emergency (National Emergency)
Article 356 – State Emergency (President’s Rule)
Article 360 – Financial Emergency
Emergency Provisions
Part IX
Article 361 – Protection of President and Governors
Miscellaneous
Part XX
Article 368 – Powers of Parliaments to amend the constitution amendment
Amendment of constitution
Part XXI
Article 370 – Temporary Provision for the erstwhile State of J&K
Article 371 A – Special provision concerning the State of Nagaland
Article 371 J – Special Status for Hyderabad–Karnataka region
Temporary and special provision
Part XXII
Article 393 –This Constitution may be called the Constitution of India
Commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi.
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